Early Church - 3343 Words

Guide Questions: Early Church History 1. Discuss the beginning and the ending of the Roman Empire. In what ways did the Empire conquer and control? * The republic formed around 500 BC and around 100 BC it started to drift toward a dictatorship, 27 BC-180 BC Roman Empire held peace, a decline set in around 200 BC. Under Constantine Ist (306-337) he moved the capital to Byzantine, renamed Constantinople. Theodosius(379-395) last ruler of the united empire. From 376-410 the Goths (Ostrogoths and Visigoths, later) attacked and sacked Rome. Last Western emperor abdicated in 476. What was the downfall of the Roman Empire? * The invading army reached the outskirts of Rome, which had been left totally undefended. In 410 C.E., the†¦show more content†¦Paul left Ephesus after an attack from a local silversmith resulted in a pro-Artemis riot involving most of the city. During his stay in Ephesus, Paul wrote four letters to the church in Corinth admonishing them for their pagan behavior. Then Paul went through Macedonia into Achaea and made ready to continue on to Syria, but he changed his plans and traveled back through Macedonia because of Jews who had made a plot against him. At this time (56–57), it is likely that Paul visited Corinth for three months. In Romans 15:19 Paul wrote that he visited Illyricum, but he may have meant what would now be called Illyria Graeca, which lay in the northern part of modern Albania, but was at that time a division of the Roman province of Macedonia. Paul and his companions visited other cities on their way back to Jerusalem such as Philippi, Troas, Miletus, Rhodes, and Tyre. Paul finished his trip with a stop in Caesarea where he and his companions stayed with Philip the Evangelist before finally arriving at Jerusalem. How did the Roman Empire at that time help Paul in preaching the risen Lord? One of the main causes for the Fall of the Roman Empire was Christianity. Life and the future seemed hopeless for the millions of people who were ruled by Rome where an early death was almost inevitable. Christianity taught the belief in an afterlife which gave hope and courage to the desperate. Eventually the Roman Emperor, Constantine the Great,Show MoreRelated The Early Church Essay1454 Words   |  6 PagesOver the past years of my life I have seen many changes, some for the good and others not as good. Change can be demanding and also crucial. The early believers would encounter this. One can see that significant change happened, when reading through the gospels and the book of acts it is obvious to the reader that the believers who followed Jesus would never be the same again. They had enjoyed a time of fellowship with Jesus and teaching from Him. But He was now preparing them to understand thatRead MoreThe Christianity Of Persecution Of The Early Church2528 Words   |  11 PagesFor Christians, the persecution of the early church is generally accepted as fact. So much so that we rarely seem to consider the possibility that this is not the case. The martyrdom of saints for their faith is taken for granted as historically accurate. Furthermore, we admire them, looking up to the strength of their faith during the most challenging of times. But are we believing in a false history? Are we taking the truth of Christian persecution for granted when it is, in fact, not true at allRead MoreEarly Church Worship Practices And The Psalms929 Words   |  4 Pages3. Early church worship practices and the Psalms The purpose of this section is to clarify major historical foundations of Christian worship practiced by the early church and its relation to the book of Psalms. The primary objective is to explain the influence of the Psalms on the worship life of the early church. By analyzing the New Testament context, believers can have a clear perception of the meaning of the book of Psalms in the worship life of the early church. Therefore, scholars assume thatRead MoreDecline And Decline Of The Early Church Attendance2524 Words   |  11 PagesThe problem under examination is the decline in church attendance in America, and the impact of that decline on our society. The purpose of the research was to ascertain the factors that contribute to the decline in church attendance. The research methodology that was used was the qualitative method. Empirical data from the scholarly research was closely examined and analyzed to determine the five main reasons for this decline. They are as follows: 1 ) Secularization of Society 2) Inability of theRead MoreEarly Church Fathers Attitudes Toward Women Essay811 Words   |  4 PagesChapter 6 Early Church Fathers’ Attitudes Toward Women â€Å"Then, as the church became fused with the secular, misogynistic society of Rome, Christ’s attitude toward women and the doctrine of equality were purposely forgotten,† 21, 34 Following are only a few of the mean-spirited quotes made by the early church so-called fathers and from modern preachers. This researcher believes this kind of leadership has instigated erroneous beliefs about women and their place in the Christian church. FurthermoreRead MoreThe Catholic Church During The Early 16th Century3664 Words   |  15 PagesThe Catholic Church during the early 16th Century was rooted throughout Europe. The Church influenced every country and its respective monarchs through the Church’s wealth and power. The Catholic Church placed a tight hold on the general populace with individuals who went against the Church being branded as heretics and excommunicated. The wealth and power of the Church eventually caused the quality of the clergy to deteriorate. Priests became corrupt and subjected to their physical desires. TheyRead MoreThe Role of The Papacy: The Early Church to Present Day Essay1087 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay gives a brief outline of t he major developments in the role of the Papacy between the Early Church and the present day. It will cover four aspects. The development of the papacy as a temporal ruler, Papal elections, the Curia and the development of the ‘mission role’ of the Papacy. It will explore how the papacy changed from being an organisation that had the influence to appoint kings and arrange state borders to one with a billion followers. These followers see the papacy as being responsibleRead MoreThe Life and Contributions of Saint Jerome and Gregory of Nazianzus to the Early Church2012 Words   |  9 PagesRELIGIOUS STUDIES COURSE TITLE: EARLY CHURCH FATHERS COURSE CODE: RES 764 TOPIC: THE LIFE AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF SAINT JEROME AND GREGORY OF ZAZIANZUS TO THE EARLY CHURCH BY FASUSI, EBENEZER AYODEJI MATRICULATION NUMBER: PG/RES/11/048 LECTURER PROF. G.O . ABE MAY 2013. Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form Introduction The Christian church has passed through many eras with lots of changes and reformations. These changes at different times make the church to be a dynamic agency withinRead MorePersecution In The Early Church3587 Words   |  15 Pagesï » ¿ PERSECUTION IN THE EARLY CHURCH BEFORE CONSTANTINE TONNIE L. COLLINS DR. DAVE PEDERSON CHHI 520 B11 – LUO CONTENTS Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....3 Persecution in the early church†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4-10 The growth of the Church ....................................................................................................10-14 Concludes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14-15 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.17-18 INTRODUCTION Read MoreThe Apostles and the Early Church2946 Words   |  12 PagesThe Apostles and the Early Church J.Trimble GBST 164 In the Gospel of Matthew the term â€Å"apostles† is only used when introducing the list of twelve apostles commissioned to follow Christ. â€Å"Now the names of the twelve Apostles are these: the first, Simon who is called Peter, and Andrew his brother; James the son of Zebedee, and John his brother; Philip, and Bartholomew; Thomas, and Matthew the publican; James the son of Alpheus, and Lebbeus, whose surname was Thaddeus; Simon the Canaanite, and

It Is, To The Most Average Person Of These Times, Revolting

It is, to the most average person of these times, revolting in the greatest to see, or even think, of the many dirty, despicable drugs being indulged in by the â€Å"druggies†. These drugs, and their infatuated worshippers, present a major obstacle for the nice, clean, hard-working American peoples living normal lives throughout the U.S. Not simply an obstacle, no, but a parasite that is taking advantage of the people who, bored or stressed in their current lives, just want something that can give them a â€Å"rush,† or something to let them escape from reality. Now, while this may be an issue already addressed by other concerned individuals, I believe that their solution is inferior to mine. My modest proposal is actually very simple in†¦show more content†¦Immediately following the trust gaining process would be the connection process, where they will cook up some interesting partnerships, in order to find more users. Of course, these new connections wou ld not happen overnight, so the infiltrators would need around six to eight months to do their work. This time would be well spent, because more known individuals would mean that we could see the true scope of the problem throughout the nation. With this new insight, the government could vote on the appropriate action to take. Once the infiltrators had a large clientele population built up, they would signal, via specialized broadcast emitters, for the final stage, the elimination process. Then, unexpected by the drug population, the police force would begin to pick off anybody marked by the government drug-seller. Of course, they would not hit them all at once, but instead get them when they least expect it. Therefore, this process would be spread out over several years, as more addicts are located. As many people may try to argue that my modest proposal would not work better than the process currently in place, I will prove, beyond any possible misconceptions, that my arrange ment is the only true way to repair this colossal problem. Among the first things that will be questioned by any criticizing eye, is the one of how much my plan would cost the country. I canShow MoreRelatedWhy Are People Concerned With Danger?1300 Words   |  6 Pageswhich at the same time deludes the public by saying this system is in everyone’s interests (Marx, 160). This conflict of interests puts the working class against the state as long as the state is under the control of the capitalists. Since the classes are in an everlasting struggle for domination, the working class â€Å"must first conquer for itself political power in order to represent its interest in turn as the ‘general interest’ † (Marx, 161). The proletariat will not stop revolting until the form ofRead MoreHarrison Bergeron998 Words   |  4 Pageswho continued to let themselves be controlled. Diana Moon Glampers, the Handicapper General, is the person in control of this societys laws determining what handicaps people should have. She also is the enforcer of keeping these handicaps on and keeping all individuals equal. She has the right and the power to carry a ten-gauge shotgun. She determines the weight of the handicaps to make a person weaker and the sounds that their minds hear to distract them from thinking, as not to be smarter thanRead MoreThe Conflict Between Greece And Persia879 Words   |  4 Pagescivilization from Persia. The Spartan military utilized tactics far superior to the average Athenian, although the Athenians are no slouch in terms of military capability. The Athenian boy apprenticed in his teenage years to learn a trade, while still being educated in combat skills. The Spartan boy on the contrary was bred to be a warrior, which was his sole purpose in life. One society in modern day times that takes a similar approach would be that of the Israe li Military, their children undergoRead MoreAngry Americans : How The 2008 Crash Fueled A Political Rebellion, Victoria Stilwell And Sarah Mcgregor872 Words   |  4 PagesAngry Americans: How the 2008 Crash Fueled a Political Rebellion, Victoria Stilwell and Sarah McGregor, March, 1 2016 Bloomberg Americans are revolting in the primaries by either voting for Trump or supporting Sanders because they don’t believe the American economy is fine. Unemployment is at an eight-year low but labor force participation is down. There has been six years of uninterrupted growth but at a pace that won’t close the economy’s output gap until 2026. Wage growth is getting higher butRead MoreThe Ghettos of World War II Essay884 Words   |  4 Pagesghettos, like the Warsaw Ghetto, had walls or fences with barbed wire. Most ghettos were closed ghettos. Destruction Ghettos were the most severe. They were completely shut off and only existed for two to six weeks before residents were deported or shot (â€Å"Types of Ghettos† ushmm.org). All ghettos had an appointed Jewish Council called the Judenrat. The council was hardly democratic and power was held by one person. This one person represented German power to the Jewish people and to the Germans theyRead MoreThe World A nd Its Impact On Society1158 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscrimination. 70 years ago during World War II, 6 million innocent European Jews lost their lives. Between the years of 2006 and 2010, an average of 11 Christians were killed somewhere in the world every hour, seven days a week and 365 days a year. Those are just two examples on just how cruel our human society can be when driven by hate. It’s shocking to see how many revolting acts we humans have made. When we discriminate against these groups of people, we go full speed ahead, and never look back, notRead MoreBruce Jenner : An American Television Personality And Retired Athletic Champion1089 Words   |  5 PagesCaitlyn Jenner, formerly Bruce Jenner, is an American television personality and retired athletic champion. Jenner’s name and gender change became official on Sept. 25, 2015 and she is now one of the most famous openly transgender people in the world. Thousands of articles have been written about her and I plan to compare two that contrast each other greatly. The first article is written by Matt Walsh for TheBlaze, an independent news and entertainment television network and website, with locationsRead MoreEssay Advertising of Hybrid Cars1619 Words   |  7 Pages Hybrid Cars: Saving the Environment Through Advertising Each year the average temperature of the earth increases .02 degrees Fahrenheit (Global Warming). Although this may not seem like a big change, our ecosystems are so fragile that even this slight boost in temperature is very destructive; oceans rise, glaciers melt at an alarming rate, species of animals cannot adapt and die off. As the twenty first century continues on, these changes are accelerating at an alarming rate, mainly dueRead MoreSocietys Major Institutions: Education, Economics, Religion, and Political sectors.1608 Words   |  7 Pagestheir thoughts and behaviors. Each of these institutions serves its purpose to fulfill societys fundamental needs and specific goals for the overall society. All must coincide or work harmoniously to make a society. The institution of family is the most important and is based on the teachings of values, norms, statuses, and roles. The family is designed to guide sexual activity, socialization, and social relations within a sexual union (Sociology of the Family). Every family is run differently underRead MoreThe Fall of the Roman Empire: Study Guide1082 Words   |  5 Pagesdidn’t have loyalty to the empire like Romans did †¢ Average Roman citizens also begin to lose their patriotism †¢ In A.D. 284 Diocletian becomes emperor and restores order and increases strength by doubling the size of the military, setting fixed prices to stop inflation, and claimed he was a decedent of the Roman gods to try to restore prestige of the office of the emperor †¢ He also realized that the empire was too big to be run by one person and divides into the East(Greece, Anatolia, Syria, and

Structuring Individual Performance Targets Free Sample by Expert

Question: Write an essay onStructuring individual performance targets. Answer: Structuring individual performance targets The newly appointed Divisional managers has made a lot of efforts to change the ongoing situation where employees are often expressed dissatisfaction with the pay freeze and evidence suggested that in general the firm is as the poor employer. An individual performance is the main drivers of the growth of the organization in relation with its set goals. The newly appointed Divisional manager of Steel Company has identified that the desired outcomes will be accomplished, or achieved through contribution of individuals or teams to the organizations strategic goals. Though the approach of dividing teams with the specific job responsibilities is a good approach to make the entire workplace more organized, but there is a gap of understanding regarding the uncertainty emerged amongst employees who are assigned with specific job responsibilities. Employees along with the appointed team leaders find difficult to operate due to lack of training provided by the management of Steel Company. Acco rding to Mahadevan and Mohamed (2014), the amplified focus on performance at all levels in an organization arises from the pressure of internationalization and the competitive edges in order to survive in the global market place. At the given organization, the divisional director should focus on the skill development plan such as the value creating skills, competencies, and abilities of the organizations workplace. This will develop a sense of competency at the individual level to perform as being the assigned member of the team. To structure the individual performance target, each employee needs to undergo with specific role design (Van Dooren, Bouckaert and Halligan 2015). In this context, the divisional director tries to organize and design a role to provide the vehicle for implementing performance plans and expectations. In the performance target sheet, role design should determine task-related attributes needed by the manage (De Waal 2013). Secondly, the managerial leadership s hould predominantly determine the behavioral attributes such as cultural backgrounds, preferences and many others. This is a major determinant of the employees development and his/her job satisfaction. Furthermore, structuring performance appraisal such as attractive bonus, incentives shall be set out with the production target so that the each employee enhance their commitments to accomplish the target of the organization. Additionally, it is important to evaluate that the aim of the individuals performance must aligned with the broad objectives of Steel Company. In that case, the management needs to monitor whether a comprehensive efforts would be provided by individuals. It has to do with measurement results in the form of performance achieved from an individual in comparisons with the expectations expressed by the organization. Here individual KPIs will be monitored by their corresponding team leaders which will help to maximize the returns of the organization. In this way, an effective performance of employee will contribute and reflect in organizations bottom line in terms of achieving its planned goals. Process of PMS to enhance employee development and communication: Performance management refers a process to ensure all employees are aware of the standard of performances as well as the objective of individuals. The purpose of the PMS is to assess and ensure that the employee is carrying out their duties in an effective and satisfactory manner, which certainly contribute to the overall objectives of the business (Rabl et al. 2012). According to Buckingham and Goodall (2015), this system is responsible for strategically improve employee engagement. According to the given case study, the newly appointed divisional director has followed the participative style of management to manage people and try to engross them more into their assign job responsibilities. This participative approach insists management people to improve employees development and engagement along with communications as well (Goetsch and Davis 2014). Further the company needs to improve managing performance of employees which involves i) maintaining a positive approach to work, ii) u pdating and revising initial objectives, standards of performance and job competency areas as conditions change, iii) requesting feedbacks from works managers, iv) providing feedbacks from work manager, v) advising career development experiences and vi) employees and work manager working together, managing the process of performance management. To improve the performance development and communication of employees through the effective performance development process, the following approaches are relevant: Focusing more on collaboration: By focusing more on collaborative act from the perspective of responsible leaders with their employees is essential for improving employee engagement at workplace (Ittner and Keusch 2016). In this way, the company will get a more accurate picture of employee performance. Taking negative feedback into constructive ideas: Identify and teach from negative feedbacks allow Steel limited to coach their employees and give them the constructive feedback they need to succeed. This process increases the employee-employer responsiveness in their operational activities. Empower employees: Empowerment is the key to making people efficient (Rummler and Brache 2012). This will make the business communication more productive within the workplace. Here the participative approach of the divisional director will be favorable because the management of the given organization allows employees to engage in decision making process of the management. Building the communication open and transparent: Transparent communication between employer and employees create a stronger communication which helps employee learn how their performance goals fit into the objectives of the organization (Buller and McEvoy 2012). Improve real time feedback: By getting feedbacks on time is extremely significant because it ensures better employee-employer responses and improves the identified operational defects as well. Need of integrated performance management systems with HR processes: An integrated process of performance management provides a systematic link between strategies of organization, wealth and processes (Jiang et al. 2012). According to Denisi and Smith (2014), it is an ample management process framing the continuous improvement journey of the organization. An integrated ongoing process includes focuses priorities on results, integrates measurement, facilitates analysis and action, encourages continuous improvement and refines and reinforces accountability (Pollitt 2013). In this context, the integrated functional and non-financial performance measures are directly practiced with other HR processes. In the given scenario, the owner manager of Steel limited requires to create better performance appraisal process for their employees to enhance more committed towards their work. Thus, an active participation and supports of the human resource mechanism must articulate the knowledge, skill, ability and competency that are deemed to be most instrumental for achieving positive outcomes of Steel Limited. By setting the target of the performance of an individual and constantly evaluating performances and provide appraisal against such deliveries are inter-connected (Akinbowale, Lourens and Jinabhai 2014). If the owner manager is ready to provide incentives, bonus and undergo with internal individual or team reward systems on the basis of the team performance or organizational performances, then it will motivate each employee and an effective organizational performance will be achieved concurrently. Designing the relevant skills development training programs for their employees, thus, needs to be incorporated by the human resource department of Steel Limited. Therefore, an integrated performance management system shall be practiced with the active contribution of human resource processes. Measuring performance and promoting an environment of continuous improvement by involving all members of organization is the ultimate requirement for integrating performance management process with ot her human resource process. Effectiveness of linking Performance to Financial Reward In the competitive business environment, employee retention is the most challenging part for human resource department (Kehoe and Wright 2013). By acknowledging the performance in terms of financial rewards is, thus, an essential to ensure the employee satisfaction. Employees of Steel limited are expressed their discontent because of the imposition of freeze payment structure and there are no occupational privileges have been provided by the owner manager. By the introduction a scheme by the divisional director where team performances against the production target is linked to the bonus to team members is indeed a good approach. However, this would be advisable to maintain a systematic procedure and a structural use of the performance monitoring tools at the workplace. Using effective performance appraisal system is one of the most comprehensive and common which could have been used by owner manager of the given organization. On the other hand, measuring employee performance qualitat ively in order to present productivity tests by the management is another option to monitor the individual performance (Armstrong and Taylor 2014). Proportionate financial rewards must be provided as per the performance standards and records maintained by the owner-manager of Steel Co. These will give motivation and job satisfaction to all such employees who have been working in this organization since long period of time. References: Akinbowale, M.A., Lourens, M.E. and Jinabhai, D.C., 2014. Employee performance measurement and performance appraisal policy in an organisation.Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences,5(9), p.342. Armstrong, M. and Taylor, S., 2014.Armstrong's handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Buckingham, M. and Goodall, A., 2015. Reinventing performance management.Harvard Business Review,93(4), pp.40-50. Buller, P.F. and McEvoy, G.M., 2012. Strategy, human resource management and performance: Sharpening line of sight.Human resource management review,22(1), pp.43-56. De Waal, A., 2013.Strategic Performance Management: A managerial and behavioral approach. Palgrave Macmillan. DeNisi, A. and Smith, C.E., 2014. Performance appraisal, performance management, and firm-level performance: a review, a proposed model, and new directions for future research.The Academy of Management Annals,8(1), pp.127-179. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014.Quality management for organizational excellence. pearson. Ittner, C.D. and Keusch, T., 2016. Incorporating Risk Considerations into Planning and Control Systems: The Influence of Risk Management Value Creation Objectives.The Routledge Companion to Accounting and Risk, London: Routledge. Jiang, K., Lepak, D.P., Han, K., Hong, Y., Kim, A. and Winkler, A.L., 2012. Clarifying the construct of human resource systems: Relating human resource management to employee performance.Human Resource Management Review,22(2), pp.73-85. Kehoe, R.R. and Wright, P.M., 2013. The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors.Journal of management,39(2), pp.366-391. Mahadevan, A. and Mohamed, F.A., 2014. Impact of Human Resource Management (HRM) Practices on Employee Performance.International Journal of Accounting and Business Management,2(2), pp.15-25. Pollitt, C., 2013. The logics of performance management.Evaluation,19(4), pp.346-363. Rabl, T., Gmez-Villamor, S., Sadoghi, M., Munts-Mulero, V., Jacobsen, H.A. and Mankovskii, S., 2012. Solving big data challenges for enterprise application performance management.Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment,5(12), pp.1724-1735. Rummler, G.A. and Brache, A.P., 2012.Improving performance: How to manage the white space on the organization chart. John Wiley Sons. Van Dooren, W., Bouckaert, G. and Halligan, J., 2015.Performance management in the public sector. Routledge.

Chlamydia Essay Example For Students

Chlamydia Essay What is chlamydia?Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common bacterialsexually transmitted disease (STD) in the United States. Chlamydia affects approximately three million womennationally and 300,000 women in California. California alsohas the highest number of estimated cases of chlamydia inthe nation among women 15-34 years of age. In addition, teenagers and young adults under 25 yearsof age have the highest rates of infection and complicationsattributed to the disease. Among adolescents 15-19 years ofage, it is estimated that one in ten is infected. It should benoted, however, that chlamydia crosses all ethnicities,economic and social classes, and geographic lines. Earlydetection and treatment of chlamydia is crucial since up to70 percent of women and 50 percent of men with chlamydiahave no detectable symptoms. How does someone get chlamydia?Chlamydia is transmitted through sexual contact(primarily vaginal or anal) with an infected person. What are the risk factors for chlamydia?The primary risk factors for chlamydia include: Engaging in Having sex with more than one partner Being in a sexual relationship with someone whohas multiple sex partners How can you protect yourself fromgetting chlamydia?The chance of becoming infected with chlamydiacan be reduced by avoiding risky sexual behaviors. Youcan get and spread chlamydia through unprotectedvaginal and anal sex. Preventing chlamydia meansapproaching sexual relationships responsibly: limit thenumber of your sex partners, use condoms, and if youthink you are infected, avoid any sexual contact and visita local STD clinic, hospital, or your doctor. Be sure yourpartner is treated to avoid becoming reinfected. You canalso prevent getting Chlamydia by:Use latex or polyurethane condoms during sex Limit your number of sex partners If you have recen tly been treated or are being treatedfor chlamydia infection, you must make sure your sexpartner(s) also receives treatment in order to preventgetting infected again. Sex partners should receivetreatment even if they do not have any symptoms. What are some symptoms of chlamydia?About 75% of women and 50% of men with chlamydiahave no symptoms of infection. In women, symptoms of chlamydia may include: An unusual vaginal discharge Bleeding after intercourse Bleeding between menstrual periods Abdominal or pelvic pain In men, symptoms of chlamydia may include: Discharge from the penis Burning with urination Swollen and/or painful testicles Can infection with chlamydia lead toother health problems?When left untreated, chlamydia can increase the riskof acquiring or transmitting , the virus that causes . In women, untreated chlamydia can spread into thepelvic area and infect the uterus, fallopian tubes, andovariesleading to . The symptoms of PID include: Abdominal pain Lower back pain Pain with intercourse Bleeding between periods Fever PID can be a very serious condition and requiresimmediate medical care. It may cause permanentdamage to the womans reproductive organs and canlead to infertility, chronic pelvic pain, and an increasedrisk of ectopic pregnancy. In men, untreated chlamydia can affect the testicles,leading to swelling and pain. Related complications canlead to infertility. What is the impact of chlamydia onpregnancy?Chlamydia can be passed from mother to baby duringbirth. Chlamydia infection in newborns can causeneonatal conjunctivitis (an infection of the babys eyes)and pneumonia. Without prompt medical treatment, theinfants eyes can be seriously and permanentlydamaged. How is chlamydia diagnosed?There are a variety of laboratory tests that can beused to diagnose chlamydia infection. Tests are donewith either a urine sample or a sample obtained from awomans cervix or a mans urethra, using a cottonswab. Is there a treatment or cure forchlamydia?Chlamydia can be treated with the antibioticsdoxycycline or azithromycin. Urine tests for both malesand females are available to detect chlamydia.There hasbeen major progress in the treatment of chlamydia withantibiotics over the past few years. A single dose ofazithromycin or a week of doxycycline (twice daily) arethe most commonly used treatments. (For the U.S. only)Common side effects associated with these treatmentsinclude diarrhea (7%), nausea (5%), abdominal pain (5%),and vomiting (2%). Lesson in Love EssayBasic InformationChlamydia is a genus of microscopic organismsthat cannot be categorized as virus, bacteria, or fungibut that behave like bacteria. There are three speciesof chlamydia: Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydiapneumoniae, and Chlamydia psittaci. Perhaps the most common chlamydia illnessesare diseases caused by many strains of thetrachomatis species. One strain of Chlamydiatrachomatis causes conjunctivitis, an eye infectionmarked by redness and swelling, sensitivity to light,and pus discharge. A strain of fly-borne Chlamydiatrachomatis causes a severe form of conjunctivitiscalled trachoma. More common in developingcountries, untreated trachoma may result in blindness. Each year in the United States, Chlamydiatrachomatis causes 4 million cases of sexuallytransmitted diseases (STDs) in both men and women,including nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), an infectionof the urinary tract. Lymphogranuloma venereum, alymphatic tissue disease that is rare in the UnitedStates, occurs more commonly in tropical regions. In both men and women symptoms of sexuallytransmitted Chlamydia trachomatis may include awatery discharge and pain when urinating; in womenChlamydia trachomatis also causes inflammation ofthe vagina, cervix, uterus, Fallopian tubes, andovaries. Women may also experience vaginaldischarge, fever, abdominal pain, and pain in thegenital area. In as many as 50 to 70 percent ofChlamydia trachomatis infections, however, womenexperience no symptoms. As a result, the infectionremains untreated and may develop into more seriousconditions, including pelvic inflammatory disease,ectopic pregnancy, and infertility. Pregnant womenwith chlamydia infections can also pass it to theirbabies during birth. The pneumoniae species of chlamydia commonlycauses upper respiratory tract infections includingbronchitis, pneumonitis, and pharyngitis. It is thesecond leading cause of pneumonia in the UnitedStates in individuals from 5 to 35 years old. Spread byperson-to-person contact, symptoms of Chlamydiapneumoniae infection may be mild, often consistingonly of a cough, fever, and increased production ofsputum, a mixture of saliva and other mucus from therespiratory passages. In rare cases, Chlamydia psittica causes a flulikeillness known as psittacosis or parrotfevercommonly named because the organism is carried mostly by parrots, parakeets, and lovebirds. Itmay also be found in other birds, as well as in cats,and occasionally in humans. Pet shop workers, birdowners, poultry processing plant employees, andother individuals who work around birds are mostlikely to develop psittacosis. All three types of chlamydia infections arediagnosed with tests consisting of cell cultures usedto exclude other illnesses with similar symptoms, suchas gonorrhea, herpes, trichomoniasis, andcandidiasis. More recently, immunoassays aretypically used for diagnosis. These blood tests identifythe presence of a specific antibody formed by the bodys immune system to fight off chlamydia infection. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)recommends that all sexually active women under theage of 20 and women over 20 years with risk factorsthat include having multiplesex partners shouldreceive annual screening for chlamyida. Chlamydia infections are easily treated withantibiotics. In infections involving sexually transmitteddiseases, all sexual partners of the affected individualmust be treated to prevent reinfection; latex condomsshould also be used during intercourse to preventtransmitting or receiving chlamydial infection.

Cartier - Bresson Essays - Henri Cartier-Bresson,

Cartier - Bresson One of this century's icons in photography Henri-Cartier Bresson, thought to be the Father of modern day Street Photography, transformed the field through his concept of "the decisive moment." He defined it as "the simultaneous recognition in a fraction of a second, of the significance of an event as well as a precise organization of forms that give that event its proper expression." In other words, the dramatic climax of a picture where everything falls perfectly into place. Bresson's photographs excel in composition without cropping his negatives, he had a unique ability to capture the fleeting moment in which the subject's significance is revealed in form, content, and expression. Cartier-Bresson utilizes a Leica 35 Midtown Mediation camera, in fact, he popularized this small, portable camera. The general format that he incorporates is black and white silver gelatin in 11" x 14" and 16" x 20" sizes. The photograph, "Behind the Gare St. Lazare", 1932, a man jumping through a puddle, shows the French photographer's ability to catch the moment in which an event is about to take place. This picture is one of intensity and depth, it brings out his creativity and ability as a photographer. The contrasts of light-to-dark and dark-to-light is brought about all throughout the image. His ability of self-expression and compassion for his artwork, is what makes this photograph so full of life and passion. The style of the picture is smooth, and soft, yet at some angles it looks harsh and full of shadows. It brings out the complexities and intricacies that a photographer has to go through in order to achieve such a perfect picture. He also makes popular the saying "being at the right place at the right time," because this is just what this photograph demonstrates. It also catches the attention of any viewer, just in the simple way the man is literally above the ground jumping over the puddle, it's an amazement to any eye. The sense of shadowing that pertrude throughout the image, is in itself a great accomplishment. Bresson captivated his audiences through his marvelous works, he captured the essential quality and fineness of an object and multiplied it by 3. Cartier-Bresson was, and is an incredible photographer that still fascinates and enchants his audiences with such great works.

Free Camille Paglia On Date Rape Crytical Analysis Essay Example

Free Camille Paglia On Date Rape Crytical Analysis Essay Example Critical Analysis Example On Date Rape A critical analysis In this article, Camille Paglia talks about the growing risk of rapes as women demand more freedom without understanding the fact that it is their own responsibility to take care of themselves. The author starts her article by stating that in olden times, women had always been chaperoned and there had always been strict rules of propriety placed upon them. It was only in the 1960s that women starting breaking rules and demanding freedom, but even then, they always kept in mind that they were taking risks. The first paragraph takes a confused stance, with the author claiming that in the 60s, women were aware of the risks but still broke rules, with the author even going to live at a male friends apartment despite the pleas of her aunts. She claims that today, young women want freedom but do not acknowledge the risk that comes with it. She clarifies that each date is a risk, as the woman can be overpowered. However, the sentence You have to accept the fact that part of the sizzle of sex comes from the danger of sex is a little confusing. It seems unclear as to what she means? Do women intentionally take risks to make their sex life more interesting, or do men rape women because the thrill of danger turns them on? I agree with her when she says that it is a womans personal responsibility to be aware of the dangers of the world, and that, more often than not, it is women coming from secluded and sheltered families, who come out and demand freedom and equality, as they have been brought up to believe that the world is a very safe place. She equates a drunk girl going to a guys room believing nothing will go wrong to someone leaving his car keys on the hood of the car in New York City believing that the car won't get stolen. Yes, if the guy rapes her or if a thief steals the car, they commit a crime, but it was only the girls, or car owners stupidity that let them get away with it. I agree with the author that women need to be careful and should be fully aware of what people are capable of doing. Any illusions or blind faith in peoples intentions will only cause her harm. Camille states that there is an attraction between sexes that we are not fully in control of This I do not agree with. Does she imply that men cannot help raping women because they have no control on their hormones? She says that she herself has always been vigilant and careful, and tries to interpret the signals she receives from men. This is why she has never been raped, and if ever she is, that would imply that she misread the signals and made a mistake, but that would not mean that she would press charges. Her stance, in this paragraph seems to favor men and hold women guilty if they get raped, as they did not properly read the signals. This notion is further strengthened by the idea of not pressing charges and letting the man go scot-free after committing a heinous crime. There is no mention of womens rights or rape help-lines or what a woman should do in such a scenario. The entire article has a very ancient feel to it and it appears as if the author is incriminating women for dating and going out with men. On the other hand, it appears as if she believes that men, because they are men, will rape women and have their way with them and that they have every right to do so unless women can read their intentions and get away from them in time. If not, then it is the womans fault for being suitable bait for the hormonally controlled man and in such a case, she was asking for it. It appears as if the article has been written by an overprotective mother to scare her daughter into being a good girl so that bad things don't happen to her.

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Leadership - Assignment Example It may be as simple as coming up with a group decision or as complex as establishing a group culture. Leadership is a continuous process wherein a leader tries to move from accomplishing one goal to another for the good of the whole group. Another definition is â€Å"Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. Leaders carry out this process by applying their leadership attributes, such as beliefs, values, ethics, character, knowledge, and skills† (Clark, 2008, para.3). In work environments, leadership may be distinguished from management. Leadership is giving the organization direction, having an overview, setting standards and making tough decisions while management is concerned with setting up and managing systems (Harris, 2003). Leadership is about development, vision and growth. Management is about attending to the status quo and ensuring that systems work† (Harris, 2003, p.5). However, in a work settings with diverse groups of people working together, leadership may be a challenge. A good leader has a clear vision of where he is going and sets directions to others towards that vision. He collaborates with other people regardless of their backgrounds on ways and means to reach their goals and not focus the authority on himself. In doing so, he empowers them to be confident in their abilities and motivates them to welcome challenges and opportunities. Because of his positive influence, he gains the respect of everyone to follow his lead while pursuing a common mission for the growth and development of the organisation (Leithwood & Riehl,2003). Top management is the most influential factor for such diverse workforce employees. It enacts policies which may make the task easier, as far as the employees are concerned. The hiring, recruiting and firing policies are devised in such a manner that there are

Conserving Soil Quality On Farms In Hawaii Research Paper

Conserving Soil Quality On Farms In Hawaii - Research Paper Example By the time measurable damage to the soil quality has occurred, crop yield may already be irrecoverably failing (Stocking, 2003). This relationship can even hold true in areas that with volcanically-enriched soil such as the tropical islands of the state of Hawai'i. To understand soil conservation for farming in Hawai'i, the first step is to understand the background of soil quality conservation, with a focus on the issues specific to the tropical islands. Only then can workable solutions be found and analyzed for suitability to the specific situation found on the Hawai'ian islands. A clear definition of soil quality is necessary for a conservation project to be undertaken. Unless soil quality is clearly and definitively described, it is impossible for researchers to design tests and measurements to study the current state of the soil quality. However, soil quality has proven a very difficult concept to define, especially as soil quality has so many different parameters in many diffe rent spheres of scientific study. Defining soil quality as a term is not the same as defining other widespread environmental terminology such as air quality or water quality. This is due to the fact that air quality or water quality are not based on the usage of the material or its relationship relative to a â€Å"natural† state, but merely on the lack of specific pollutants or on the levels of such pollutants (Sojka & Upchurch, 1999). Since pure soil cannot exist by definition, and clean soil varies dependent on location, pollutants within soil can be limited only to specific non-natural products, such as industrial wastes or household chemicals (Cowan & Talaro, 2006). Soil quality, on the other hand, is determined by the soil's ability to support certain usage and by healthy levels of bacterial, animal, and plant life (Sojka & Upchurch,1999). Measuring soil quality in tropical regions, on the other hand, is simplified because of the reduction in the number of related variab les. Many attributes of topsoil quality in tropical regions of the world, including Hawai'i, are quantitative and measurable. Assuming those conditions to be true, soil quality can then be measured using a fertility capability soil classification system (Sanchez, Palm, and Buol, 2003). Other single-attribute measurements of soil quality are such concerns as soil compactability or erodibility based on location or use, but the fertility classification most affects the ability of the soil to support intensive crop farming, which is the concern of this review (Parr et al., 1992). The fertility capability classification systems are not without their faults, but they provides a starting point for measuring the success of a given conservation program by providing a quantitative standard. A measurement that makes use of this system would be comparable to future measurements under the same system, allowing a researcher to compare numerically the success of the method under study (Sanchez, Pa lm, & Buol, 2003). Soil systems in tropical regions tend to be extremely dynamic, changing rapidly over short periods of time. Within these systems, soil quality may vary widely from location to location even between patches of soil in the same forest (Parr et al., 1992; Stocking, 2003). In such a dynamic system, nutrients rarely have time to accumulate in the tropical

By the way, meet Vera Stark Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

By the way, meet Vera Stark - Essay Example During years it became the speaker for Afro-Americans and their view on actual social problems and past prejudices, Penumbra Theater is concentrated on the Afro-American’s focus and perspective of seeing important things and showing them to public. Penumbra Theater stage though small does not make public feel unnatural, it looks atmospheric and creates an effect of coziness and hospitality. But of course it is not the building, which looks classically inside, but people who make all performances wonderful and glorious. Talking about Vera Stark, we can’t forget about great sets work by C. Lance Brockman, beautiful musical pieces by music director Sanford Moore and highly professional dancing performances organized by chorographical director Austene Van. Surely. Moreover, taking into consideration that Vera Spark is a historical play costume work is very important. Matthew LeFebvre made everything look real and convincing. My special attention goes to elegant and perfectly placed bright red dress of the main heroine. Vera and her friends in maid uniforms were looking attractive and natural too. Gloria Mitchell’s appearance was always perfect, calling up all those archetypes of femme-fatales and glorious women from the Golden Era of Hollywood. All costumes created atmospheric feeling of thirties and allowed believing in actors` play even more. Marcus Dilliard on lighting and Martin Gwinup responsible for sound and video design (especially good work with the television piece) altogether make the whole performance look natural and made viewer to pay attention to every little piece and detail. â€Å"By the Way, Meet Vera Spark† was written by Lynn Nottage whose â€Å"Ruined† won Pulitzer Prize in 2009. Vera Spark is an Afro-American women trying to reach the stars in the 1930’s Golden Age of Hollywood and also helping Gloria Mitchell, successful movie star. Vera is a main heroine; she is persuasive, active, smart, and

Country Report on the Philippines

Country Report on the Philippines The Philippines is an amazing country. Many tourists go there to see the many beautiful views. We decided to do the Philippines as our country because two-thirds of the group is filipino. The Philippines is an interesting country to research because there are many things we dont know about it. An interesting fact about this country is that the Philippines was the first country in Southeast Asia to gain independence after World War II, in 1946. In filipino, the Philippines is called Republika ng Pilipinas. Although, in English it is just the Philippines. It was named after the King Philip II of Spain, in honor of him. The Philippines is located on the continent of Asia. It borders the country of Malaysia. The area of the Philippines is 115,831 miles squared, but the area of the United States is 3.797 million miles squared. The Philippines compared to the United States is that it is 3,681 less miles. The Philippines produced 11 percent of the worlds nickel in 2010. The countrys rich natural resources also include major copper deposits, chromium, gold, and silver;minerals made up 8 percent of merchandise exports in 2011. One popular foods that they eat in the philippines is Adobo. Adobo is a meat, seafood, and vegetable dish. Another common dish in the philippines is Afritada, Afritada is a meat dish cooked in tomato sauce. Lechon is also a common dish in the philippines. Lechon is a dish that is made by roasting  a pig over charcoal. However, the most popular food thats eaten in the philippines is rice. Majority of the people in the philippines love rice. The relationships with family that filipinos have with each other is what makes them connect. The American culture is different from the filipino culture in a few ways. For example, in the American culture, the children are expected to be independent with a little help of their parents. However, in the filipino culture, the parents expect the children to follow their directions step by step and how they say it. Another difference between the two cultures is the amount of privacy they each get. What I mean by this is, in the filipino culture, all of the family is close by and could possibly live together. However, in the American culture, the families are spread out and dont all live in one house. Finally, another difference between the two cultures is the equality. In the American culture, it is known to be said that everyone has equal rights. Also, when greeting it is acceptable to call someone sir or maam. Nonetheless, in the filipino culture, the elderly is treated better/before e veryone else, and everyone is greeted with a handshake, a smile, and some friendly words such as Hi, how are you? or Hi, hows your day so far? One thing that someone researching or learning about the philippines would be about King Philip II of Spain. This would be the most important thing to know because he was the first one to make it to the philippines and, because the philippines was named after him. Since the Philippines was named after King Philip II of Spain, the island country has been under Spanish rule for centuries. To go more in depth, he ruled the Philippines for over 300 years in total. Today, it is the largest Roman Catholic country in Asia. The Philippines is an interesting country to learn about with amazing views to see as you are there. After reading this, you will learn that the Philippines is a very different country from other countries. There are many different and interesting cultures you may learn about. Once you actually experience the Filipino culture, you will see a whole different world. There are many interesting facts about the Philippines, but the most interesting one is that the Filipino flag is the only flag in the world that you can determine whether or not they are at peace or at war. You can tell at how the flag is flown. If the flag is flown with the blue on top they are at peace, but when the flag is flown with the red on top you can tell they are at war.

Civil engineering (outline) :: essays research papers

Civil Engineer I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A construction engineer can plan, design, and build any thing from roads, buildings, airports, tunnels, bridges, dams, and water systems all over the world. II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Job Information A. Pay 1. In Idaho they get paid $17.50 to $41.88 2. Nationally they get paid $19.65 to $44.24 B. Special requirements 1. Bachelor’s degree in civil engineering 2. Engineering license a. 4 years as an engineer in training b. Pass the professional engineer exam C. Employment 1. About 228,000 work as civil engineers in Nationally 2. About 1,180 civil engineers work III. Preparations A. Complete a bachelor’s degree in civil engineering 1. A lot get a master’s degree B. Have strong observational skills C. Be creative IV. Specific Activities A. Plan, design, and build 1. Roads 2. Buildings 3. Airports, 4. Tunnels 5. Bridges 6. Dams 7. Water systems B. Test for strength 1. Soil 2. Materials C. Conduct studies 1. Traffic patterns 2. Environmental conditions V. Work conditions A. Physical 1. Work both indoors and outdoors 2. Exposed to contaminants 3. Exposed to very hot or cold weather 4. Exposed to hazardous equipment A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hours/ travel 1. Usually work standard 40-hour weeks 2. May work longer to meet deadlines 3. Travel a lot to get to work sites B.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Interpersonal relationships 1. Deal with external costumers or associates 2. Sometimes placed in a conflict situation VI. Common Activities A. Think creatively B. Use computers C. Provide information 1. Devices 2. Equipment 3. Structures D. Estimate 1. Size 2. Time 3. Cost 4. Quantities 5. Materials needed VII. Skills and abilities A. Use math and science 1. Choose a mathematical method 2. Use math skills to solve problems

Gesell’s Concept of Maturation Essay

Abstract The concept of maturation presented by Arnold Gesell is central to developmental psychology. He said that childs growth or development is influenced by the environment and the action of the genes. He also indicated that the childs development occurred in a fixed order through a series of stages. He opposed any instructional efforts on placing a child ahead of schedule; when the time is right, the child will simply begin to master the task through his/her own inner urges. Two major criticisms to his concept are also presented in this paper. Gesells Concept of MaturationIntroduction Pioneered by the American psychologist Arnold Gesell (1880-1961), the concept of maturation, which is central to developmental psychology, stresses the role of nature in human development (Gale Group, 2001.)The purpose of this paper is to take a look at the major concepts of Gesells concept of maturation and to present and discuss two criticisms of his concepts. Gesells Concept of MaturationGesell said that the childs growth or development is influenced by two major forces: The environment and the action of the genes. Gesell called this process maturation (Crain, 2005). He observed that a childs development occurred in a fixed order through a series of stages. This is an outstanding feature in maturational development. (Gale Group, 2001). By observing how an embryo adhered to a specific order in its own development, Gesell proposed that a child post natal neuromotor development also followed a strict specific order (Crain, 2005). His concept of maturation allowed him to see that just like a baby learns to run by first sitting, then standing, then walking, the principles of maturation also have a rate of development that is controlled by internal genetic mechanisms (Crain, 2005). And the forces of socialization that are so important in the growing and developing of a child have a positive and direct effect only if they are in tune with the inner maturational principles. Therefore, he opposed any instructional efforts on placing a  child ahead of schedule; when the time is right, the child will simply begin to master the task through his/her own inner urges. Until then, teaching will be of little value and will only create tension between the child and the caregiver (Crain, 2005). As an evidence of his concept of maturation, Gesell and Thompson conducted a study with twins. One twin was trained on activities such as stair-climbing and the grasping and manipulation of cubes. The twin that was trained showed some superior skill when compared with the untrained twin. But the untrained twin soon caught up, with much less practice, and at the age that he was supposed to perform those activities. Then, there is a timetable that determines the childs readiness to do things and the benefits or early training and teaching are relatively temporary (Crain, 2005). Discussion of Criticisms on Gesells concept of maturationThe interplay of nature and nurtureThe interplay role of nature and nurture, rather than the importance of one over the other, has gained a greater emphasis in the work of more recent figures, such as psychologist Jean Piaget, whose theory of cognitive developmentin children has been a model for much subsequent work in the field. Going beyond simplistic dichotomies, scientists have been able to gather substantial amounts of specific data on the effects of heredity and environment through family, twin, and adoption studies. Current concepts of maturation focus on models in which each stage of a developmental process is defined not only by innate characteristics but also by increased receptivity (or â€Å"readiness†) toward certain environmental factors. (Gale Group, 2001.)Age normsOne of the most frequently cited criticisms of Gesells concept of maturation has to do with his manner of presenting age norms. He implies too much uniformity and gives no idea on how much variation can be expected at any given age. His norms were based on middle-class children in a university setting and may not apply perfectly in other cultural contexts (Crain, 2005). ConclusionGesells concept of maturation is fundamental for the study of human development, since it considers two significant factors: Genes and environment. The specific order in which things happens is essential to his  concept of maturation. But two major criticisms can be presented about Gesells concept of maturation: The role of nurture and nature, and the age norms he used for his studies and observations. References Crain, William (2005). Theories of Development, Concepts and Applications. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. Gale Group, 2001.Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology, 2nd ed.http://findarticles.com/

Symbolism in the Story of an Hour Essay Example

Symbolism in the Story of an Hour Essay Example Symbolism in the Story of an Hour Essay Symbolism in the Story of an Hour Essay Several symbols in Kate Chopins Story of an Hour create a feeling of comfort, wellness, and wonderfulness within the readers mind. The first symbol I will speak of is the comfortable chair which she sinks into after the news of her husbands death. Then, I will speak of the open window, which she sits in front of through which she sees many symbols of things that are good. Finally, I will speak of the description of Mrs. Mallard herself and her comfortable situation, which will tie together all the symbols that create the feelings of comfort and wellness in the reader. The armchair in the story in which Mrs. Mallard sits after secluding herself in her room upon hearing of her husbands death is described as comfortable and roomy. The chairs location is also important, it is facing an open window, this symbolizes being open to change, and the fact that it is open shows that it is somewhat warm out suggesting life rather than the cold of winter symbolizing death. The adjectives comfortable, roomy, and sank symbolize a feeling of being embraced by the chair, a feeling of love and warmth. Through the open window she sees many other symbols furthering the feelings of goodness in the reader. She sees the tops of trees that were all quiver with the new spring life symbolizing a new life to come, something new happening in her life. The setting of a delicious breath of rain in the air refers to the calmness after a storm when the sun comes back out. Kate Chopin is using this to refer to the death of Mrs. Mallards husband and the new joyous life she may now lead that she is free of him. Also to be heard outside are the singing of birds and the notes of a distant song someone was singing, symbolizing an oncoming feeling of wellness, a build up to her realization that she is now free of the tyrannical rule of her husband. Mrs. Mallard is described as being young and having a fair, calm face symbolizing the beauty and innocence of a child. Brently Mallard had repressed her, and now through this seemingly tragic event she is freed of his rule over her and she is able to go on with her life. The reader feels for her when she explains the way she had only loved him sometimes, but more often didnt, and how in the coming years she would be able to live for herself and no one else. When you decipher these symbols for their underlying meanings you see then how Kate Chopin worked on her story to give the reader a good sense of comfort and wellness in the reader. The three symbols we have discussed are just a basis to start digging into the story; so much more can be pulled from the word choices and objects presented in the story if you just give the effort to look into it.

Public Health Proposal The WritePass Journal

Public Health Proposal Introduction Public Health Proposal ) showed that ethnicity is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), a form of chronic respiratory disease, interestingly, the disease was seen less prevalent in people of Asian and African origin compared to White people. One reason behind this could be that in their study, White people were recorded to be active chain smokers compared to Asian and African people, which was the another major finding in their study. Thus, it still seems unclear what could be the major factor for high prevalence of respiratory disease in Newham where majority of people are of Asian and African origin and demands further study. Harriss and Salway (2008) suggested the social and economic consequences of long-term illnesses including cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory disease, arthritis and mental disease for deprived groups and ethnic minority group. They suggested that these groups have the highest rates of long term illnesses, which further provides the rationale behind high rates of cardiovascular disease, cancer and respiratory disease in Newham population. However, the finding was contradictory in a study by Pavalin (2007) who comparatively studied the socio-economic inequalities in health between Newham and UK. The study suggested that despite having higher prevalence of poor health and high service use, the relative effects of socio-economic inequalities to be similar to those in the UK, suggesting no major impact of socio-economic inequalities in the health of people living in Newham. Newham also has a high rate of communicable diseases. The rate of HIV infection in Newham is high (0.56%). This figure is significantly higher than in England (0.11%). Not surprisingly, 65% of infected are black Africans. Other infectious diseases including tuberculosis, measles, mumps, salmonella, hepatitis A and B are higher in Newham. Overall, the rate of communicable disease in Newham is found to be 124 per 100,000 (NHS Newham, 2011). Other health issues associated with obesity, smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity are also found to be high in Newham population (NHS Newham, 2011). Analysis After having reviewed the available literature and reports on Newham and its associated problems, the following data have been collected for analysis. Table 1 shows the comparative details of employment status of Newham residents in 2011-2012 Table 1: Employment status of Newham population, London and Great Britain (Aston-Mansfield’s report, 2013). % Newham London Great Britain Economically active 67.7 75.5 76.7 In employment 57.2 68.6 70.5 Employees 48.6 56.3 60.5 Self-employed 7.8 11.9 9.6 Unemployed (model-based) 13.7 8.9 7.9 The comparative data for life expectancy in Newham, London, England and UK population is shown in table 2. Table 2: Life expectancy comparison of Newham population with London, England and UK population (Aston-Mansfield’s report, 2013).    Female Life Expectancy Male Life Expectancy Newham 81.1 76.2 London 83.3 79.0 England 82.6 78.6 UK 82.3 78.2 Table 3 compares the occupations of Newham people with occupations of people in London and overall in Great Britain. Table 3: Occupations of people living in Newham, London and Great Britain (Aston-Mansfield’s report, 2013). %      Newham London Great Britain Soc 2010 major group 1-3 33.3 54.6 43.5 1 Managers, directors and senior officials 6.0 11.6 10.1 2 Professional occupations 18.5 24.8 19.1 3 Associate professional technical 8.5 17.9 14.0 Soc 2010 major group 4-5 24.5 18.1 21.9 4 Administrative secretarial 13.0 10.6 11.0 5 Skilled trades occupations 11.3 7.4 10.8 Soc 2010 major group 6-7 18.7 13.6 17.3 6 Caring, leisure and Other Service occupations 10.6 7.2 9.1 7 Sales and customer service occupations 7.9 6.3 8.1 Soc 2010 major group 8-9 23.5 13.7 17.4 8 Process plant machine operatives 5.7 4.5 6.4 9 Elementary occupations 17.6 9.1 10.9    The boroughs with the highest rates of premature death are all in the Inner East South   Lambeth,  Islington,  Hackney  and  Tower Hamlets  all have rates above 210 per 100,000. Newham stays on the sixth highest position in high premature death rate among all the boroughs (Trust for London and  New Policy Institute, 2010). Figure1: Comparison of premature death in different boroughs in UK    Recommendations It seems that health issues of Newham people are lot more serious compared to some other cities in the UK. Thus, individual issue needs to be addressed to minimize the mortality associated with poor health in Newham.   Furthermore, population growth, unemployment and poverty are some of the additional factors that have impacted on the health of Newham people. Government should create more job opportunities that will help to reduce the poverty and maintain a standard quality life.   Public health polices, plans and strategies need to be implemented to solve the major issues of premature death and infectious diseases. Some of these approaches could be encouraging people for routine vaccinations for major infectious diseases such as measles, tuberculosis and hepatitis. Moreover, to minimize the deaths associated with cardiovascular disease, people should be encouraged to quit smoking, eat healthy diet, perform daily physical exercise and advise ways to control diabetes and high blood pressure. REFERECNES Claydon, A, Richards, D.C and Hill, M. (2013).Article.  Living with diabetes: A qualitative review of minority ethnic groups in a deprived London borough.  17(3), 95-100. Harriss, K and Salway, S. (2008). Better Health Briefing 8.  Long-term ill health, poverty and ethnicity. Mathur, R, Hull, S.A, Badric, E, Robson, J. (2011). Research article.  Cardiovascular multimorbidity: the effect of ethnicity on prevalence and risk factor management.  61(586), 262-270. Mathur, R, Hull, S.A, Badric, E, Robson, J. (2012). Research.  Effect of ethnicity on the prevalence, severity, andmanagement of COPD in general practice. 76-81 NHS Newham, 2010. Joint strategic need assessment.The London Borough of Newham.Avalable at: newham.info/Custom/JSNA/Chapter13HealthyNewham.pdf Newham, London Local Economic Assessment 2010 to 20279, 2010. Newham London Regeneration panning and property directorate. Available at: newham.info/Custom/LEA/Demographics.pdf. Pevalin, D.J. (2007). Public health.  Socio-economic inequalities in health and service utilization in the London Borough of Newham.  121, 596-602 Punthakee, Z, Werstuck, G.H and Gerstein, H.C. (2007).Reviews in cardiovascular medicine.Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: explaining the relationship.  8(3), 145-153. Snell-Bergeon, J.K and Wadwa, R.P. (2012).Diabetes technology and therapeuitcs.  Hypoglycemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.  14(1), 51-58. The Londons Poverty Profile . 2012.  Premature death by borough. [ONLINE] Available at:londonspovertyprofile.org.uk/indicators/topics/health/premature-death-by-borough/. [Accessed 01 December 13]. Walker, R, et.al. (2012). Diabetic medicine.  Introducing personalized care planning into Newham: outcomes of a pilot project.29(8), 1074-1078.

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Text (chapter 7) - Essay Example Relevant employees should be recruited in their relevant fields of expertise so as to ensure quality output from each employee. Besides, Karen has also maintained that constant motivation is the only sure way of maintaining employees of high quality. The quality of output by each employee, according to her is determined by the level of motivation from the management. Karen suggests a number of ways through which motivation can be conducted in order to achieve the required target. To mention, she highlights promotion, salary increments, positive appraisals such as commendations are among the key factors she considers integral in developing positive contribution from each employee. To conclude, the quality of employees maintained by a business enterprise determines its success over time and space. A highly competent team of employee with adequate motivation from the management promotes the performance of the organization. However, the role of determining the quality of employees for any business enterprise lies with the management. Besides, it is the sole responsibility of the management to ensure that their employees are constantly motivated to maintain a high-quality

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Comparative Study of Different Bibliographical Sources for the Sonata by Paul Creston - Annotated Bibliography Example According to Grove’s dictionary (33), personal initiative leads to creativity in sonata as illustrated by Paul Creston who took piano and organ lessons. Rhythm can form the basis of a style in sonata, and the more performances an artist initiates in sonata, the more accolades and awards he receives. Paul Creston engaged cool romantic compositions in enticing his sonata performances (Grove’s dictionary 33). In the sixties and seventies most work and styles in sonata is attributed to Paul Creston. In turn, the society gave him a role to play in influencing sonata music. His performances involved shifting divisions of the normal meter, which was widely acknowledge and appreciated in America. Creston’s decision on 1932 had significant impact on sonata music. This is evident in the developments in the last century. Grove’s dictionary (34), states that another performer who was a music teacher and influenced sonata historically; thus, Marcus van Cravel. According to Slomski (8), benefits of engaging in sonata early in life to enhance creativity in this style of music are evident. Early participation can influence performance in sonata as evident in engaging in social duties. Slomski (97) asserts that engaging in several activities before establishing oneself in sonata often improves other music genres. Like other works of literature, Monica Slomski supports that exemplary works of sonata are disputable worldwide. Slomski (143) cites a case whereby outstanding performance in sonata earned Paul Creston awards in the orchestral field. This book in line with other literary sources highlights the importance of persistence towards achieving individual goals in performing sonata. Personal attributes such as hard work is to be utilized to achieve recognition for music activities especially sonata. This source elaborates the ways through which sonata enhances fame. Sonata’s background on tone and orchestral characteristics in most

Ethnic Identity Essay Example for Free

Ethnic Identity Essay Introduction Many studies on the academic achievements of Mangyans prove to be so beneficial to many enthusiasts concerned with indigenous people’s development. A critical look on the levels of school attitudes and self–esteem of Buhid Mangyan pupils in Mirayan, Buong Lupa and Pakpaklawin Elementary Schools serves as a springboard in drawing deeper implication how these potential variables actually impact on their academic performance as priority learners in the school. Based on the actual observation of the researcher, the increasing number of Buhid Mangyan enrollees in the schools for the last five years positively indicates their improved appreciation of formal education and trainings as a capital means to enrich their social, economic and cultural conditions. Given all the opportunities to develop their innate potentials, the Buhid Mangyan pupils are able to cope with the learning environment they are in; however, a set of many obvious problems as regards to how they will effectively learn and perform are seen. Because most of the pupils in Mirayan, Buong Lupa and Pakpaklawin Elementary Schools reside in far-flung communities, most of them usually report to class late, others cannot simply present themselves in the entire whole day of classes, sometimes they prefer to be absent in the afternoon to help out their parents do some house chores for girls. The male Buhid Mangyans on the other hand, go out to the field to plant, take care and feed their animals and perform other labor intensive household activities like cutting wood for cooking, fetching water to drink and others. These economic factors are potential hindrances why the Buhid Mangyan pupils remain left behind compared with their counterparts among Hanunuo and Alangan groups. The same factors seemingly bear direct impact on the level of attitude of the Buhid Mangyan pupils which they most usually manifest in their behavior towards learning, study habits, preparation of projects readiness to learn and participation in classroom activities. Although they are interested to learn, their ability to respond to the teachers’ instruction appears to be at a dismal level due to hunger, uneasy behavior and timidity. The result indicates that the Buhid Mangyan pupils cannot perform on time their assignments and prepare projects because most of their time is spent for earning a living as their form of support to their parents. The lingering effects of these patterns of behavior results in the low-level esteem they feel at the midst of frustration and discomfort, which in the process, results in the lack of quality time for sensible socialization with various groups of people, thus, a feeling of isolation from the mainstream community leads to dwindling individual morale, and failure to sustainably exhibit respect, pride, indigenization and love of cultural beliefs and traditions they ought to keep up deeply rooted in themselves. In the same manner, the most obvious effect of the state to which they are in is the relatively low extent of academic achievement of the Buhid Mangyan pupils. The foregoing statement implies that the experiences of Buhid Mangyan pupils are certainly unique to themselves being in an environment that induces their patterns of actions and behavior. According to Llyod (2007), whatever ethnic affiliation a certain person belongs to, he has a certain set of value system and behavioral patterns being practiced and adopted. The value system of the family and constituent members plays a big factor in the importance given to education, the value of child labor, gender discrimination that prevent girls from attending school to work and discrimination in pay based on sex or type of work of children. For Connolly (2009), the idea of ethnicity relates to the actual condition of Buhid Mangyan pupils from Mirayan, Buong Lupa and Pakpaklawin Elementary Schools in Gloria District. Ethnicity plays a major role in many people’s lives which sometimes have a positive influence. It helps people identify and understand their needs, while the negative influence includes can be prejudice and discrimination. The valid connection between academic achievements and level of attitude and esteem of Buhid learners can still be best assessed with the application of creativity, genuine understanding by the 1 / 17 teachers of the holistic identity of the learners. As diversely unique individuals with special traits and experiences, there may also be some good things about them the teachers can value so much as every individual has his own giftedness endowed to him. Problems underlying the mismatch between positive attitude and high esteem and the high level academic achievement of these learners can also be stopped from lingering when teachers continue to perform their sworn in function in the name of long-term development aspired for by the national government. By discovering and exploring the hidden talents of Buhid Mangyan learners, chances are that their concept of education can improve. In support to this, the Philippines, as a geographically and ethno- linguistically diverse country, has long undertaken initiatives in identifying and educating gifted individuals. The preponderance of psychometric assessments in identifying gifted individuals, however, research investigating indigenous conceptions of giftedness has been scanty (Orosa amp; Fernandez, 2008). Given all these scenarios, the researcher derived inspiration from the current situation in which Buhid Mangyans are in, because this study provided hard data on the level of attitude and esteem of the respondents and how these significantly relate to their academic achievements. This undertaking would also shed light to the fact that a needed improvement in treating the Buhid Mangyan is just a necessity to make them feel they are as important as other cultural groups inhabiting the province in general and the Municipality of Gloria in particular. Theoretical Framework This study is strengthened by concepts from educational and psychological theories that relate to learners’ attitude, esteem and academic achievements. Classical Conditioning Theory Berliner (2007) espoused that Ivan Pavlov’s Classical Conditioning Theory describes how stimuli that occur together may come to evoke similar responses. It also describes how rewards shape and maintain behavior. This supports the idea that the Buhid Mangyan pupils can be inspired or motivated to interact with the mainstream community without thinking of their ethnicity. This can be done by school managers and teachers as well when Buhid Mangyan pupils get the equal amount of recognition from these people, which will insulate them to exhibit positive traits and behavior towards learning and achieving academically. Capitalizing on their good attitude and esteem as individuals, Buhid Mangyan pupils can be given a chance to discover their strengths and contribution to individual development through showing responsibility, independence and love of work. Attribution and Psychosocial Theories Lilienfeld et al. (2010) state that the Attribution Theory proposed by Fritz Heider, describes the role of motivation in a persons success or failure in school situations. Success on a test, for instance, could be attributed to luck or hard work; the theory predicts the behavior of students depending on their responses. The theory of the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget that intellectual ability is qualitatively different at different ages and that children need interaction with the environment to gain intellectual competency has influenced all of education and psychology. This new concept of intelligence affected the design of learning environments for young children and the development of mathematics and science programs. The various concepts discussed in the theories mentioned above relate to the present study because dealing with the behavior of the Buhid Mangyan pupils may require a strict consideration of their attributes based on their cultural integration with the same or other groups of Mangyan who find comfort and convenience without inhibitions due to their commonalities and mutual understanding. However, teachers from the selected elementary school at Gloria District with Buhid Mangyan pupils can help themselves predict what patterns of behavior or attitude may be manifested by the pupils depending on how their unique attributes are regarded with a humanistic touch. The amount of extraordinary concern and care shown by school officials and teachers towards Buhid Mangyans can spur an increased level of esteem among them. This will eventually 2 / 17 result in the development of trust among pupils and a sense of fulfillment despite their cultural orientation. Theory of Behaviorism As cited by Kohlberg (2010), the Theory of Behaviorism developed by B. F. Skinner in 1958 is anchored on three assumptions of learning. First, learning is manifested by a change in behavior. Second, the environment shapes behavior. And third, the principles of contiguity (how close in time two events must be for a bond to be formed) and reinforcement (any means of increasing the likelihood that an event will be repeated) are central to explaining the learning. For behaviorism, learning is the acquisition of new behavior through conditioning. The first conditioning is classical conditioning which describes that the behavior becomes a reflex response to stimulus while the other is the operant conditioning where there is reinforcement of the behavior by a reward or a punishment. The precepts of the theory have binding principles in the current study’s inclusion of attitude and esteem of Buhid Mangyans in relation to their academic achievements. This implies that there is an expected positive change in the behavior of Buhid Mangyan pupils once they feel they are motivated and highly esteemed leading to quality learning, which can be manifested by their high academic achievements. Because of the stimulating environment created collegially by the school community including their parents and themselves, they are also able to the positive effects of their environment to productive learning. In essence, the principles of contiguity (how close in time two events must be for a bond to be formed) and reinforcement (any means of increasing the likelihood that an event will be repeated) are central to explaining the learning, the Buhid Mangyan pupils can likewise appreciate that interconnected ideas they learn can lead to the fulfillment of their individual learning goals to get higher grades in the subject areas discussed. All the discussed theories are helpful sources of theoretical precepts which may help the researcher justify the probable relationships between the paired independent and dependent variables under study. Conceptual Framework Independent VariablesDependent Variable School Attitude Attachment Involvement Commitment Beliefs in School Rules Ethnic Identity Cultural Identity Involvement in Traditional Activities Involvement in traditional Spirituality Self-Esteem Output Proposed Program/Activities to Improve Ethnic Identity, Self-Esteem and School Attitude of Grade V Buhid Mangyan Pupils in Gloria District 3 / 17 Figure1. Conceptual Framework of the Study Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of the study. The independent variables are ethnic identity expressed in terms of cultural identification, involvement in traditional Buhid activities, traditional spirituality; and self-esteem; the dependent variable is the school attitude of students in terms of attachment, involvement, commitment, and beliefs in school rules. The lines with the arrow from the two independent variables going to the dependent variable show the hypothesized relationship between the these variables. The two-tailed arrow connecting the independent variables, ethnic identity and self-esteem shows the perceived relationship between these variables. Whereas, the two broken lines from the independent and dependent variables pointing downward lead to the proposed plan that may strengthen or sustain the ethnic identity, self-esteem, and school attitude of Buhid Mangyans. Statement of the Problem This study focused on ethnic identity, self-esteem and school attitudes of Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District. Specifically, it sought to answer the following questions: What aspects of ethnic identity are practiced by the Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District, Oriental Mindoro? What is the level of self-esteem of the Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District, Oriental Mindoro? What is the level of school attitude of the Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District Gloria, Oriental Mindoro? Is there a significant relationship between ethnic identity and school attitude of the Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District, Oriental Mindoro? Is there a significant relationship between self-esteem and school attitude of Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District, Oriental Mindoro? Is there a significant relationship between ethnic identity and self-esteem of the Buhid Mangyan Pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District? What programs/activities can be undertaken by the schools to sustain/strengthen ethnic identity and self-esteem to improve the school attitudes of the Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District, Oriental Mindoro? Hypotheses The study proposes the following hypotheses: There is a significant relationship between ethnic identity and school attitudes of the Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District, Oriental Mindoro. There is a significant relationship between self-esteem and school attitudes of the Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District, Oriental Mindoro. There is a significant relationship between ethnic identity and self-esteem of the Buhid Mangyan pupils in the selected elementary schools at Gloria District, Oriental Mindoro. Significance of the Study This study may be of great contribution to different groups of people who are openly engaged in the educative development of pupils in the Department of Education (DepEd) and its stakeholders. Buhid Mangyan pupils may be able to appreciate this study as a source of credible information on how their school attitude, self-esteem and school attachment help them feel as proud members of a Mangyan ethnic group. The information to be gathered may also enable them to relate these factors to their academic achievement. Thus, this study may serve as an eye-opener to them insofar as their cultural authenticity, self-esteem as individual member of a Mangyan community would be given just consideration through an academic and professional study. Being the principal beneficiaries of this study, they may likewise be given the means to analyze how their personal attributes determine their academic standing, from which they could identify their most liked and 4 / 17 least liked subject area/s as herein enumerated. Buhid Mangyan parents may come across with assessment results pertaining to the effects of their children’s attitude and self-esteem on their academic performance. As the children’s immediate environment at home, they may assess the intensity of the need for their children to be provided with parental support, particularly moral and spiritual guidance to make them obedient, compliant and value-laden members of society. The parents may be able to increase the amount and quality of time necessary for the pupils to learn to an optimum level. Teachers of the Buhid Mangyan pupils may be given sound reference to reinforce the psycho-social and analytical competence in instruction to make their classrooms for the pupils conducive, welcoming and adhere to the principle of cultural diversity and ethnicity. The findings of this study may encourage them to undertake necessary measures to further increase the potential of Buhid Mangyan pupils to show positive attitude relative to learning behavior, study habits, preparation of projects, readiness to learn and participation in classroom activities. The idea of quality instruction, anchored on indigenization may be developed in the teachers because this study may enable them to gain deeper understanding of how the level of esteem of the Buhid Mangyan pupils contributes to socialization, exhibition of respect, pride, practice of indigenization and love of cultural beliefs and traditions. The results on the assessed academic achievement of pupils measured by the grade they obtain in different subjects may help them determine how well their instruction and the Buhid pupils’ attitude and esteem serve as determinants of performance. The school principals of the selected public elementary schools with indigenous people-pupils may be able to use the recommendations of the researcher to improve the state of instruction among Buhid Mangyan pupils at all levels. This is because the information of the respondents’ attitude and esteem may be used as his/her basis in preparing a more indigenized and inclusive academic programs designed to enrich their overall potentials as learners. The usefulness of class observation may also be justified by the results of this study because as school administrators they could provide their teachers with inputs on how to deal effectively with the learning needs of Buhid learners. Mangyan historians and writers may make use of the entire study as supplemental data to be included in write-ups on Buhid pupils’ behavior, esteem and their appreciation of formal educational trainings to enhance their socio-economic status. The findings, conclusions and recommendations of this study may be considered as documents for their deeper treatment of the cultural background on Buhid Mangyans who now experience development through education, which can be compared with other ethnic groups of Mangyans. Officials of the Office for the Southern Cultural Communities (OSCC) and other private non- government organizations like the Mangyan Mission, National Indigenous People’s Coalition (NIPC) may regard this study very useful. They may be supplied with factual information on the financial, material and other relevant educational needs of the tribal group, which they could consider as instrumental in the fulfillment of national government’s thrust to improve the plight of indigenous peoples in the province of Oriental Mindoro. Future researchers may also put prime value on this study as their back up local study should they perform a professional study dealing on Mangyan attitudes, esteem and academic performance. The whole study may support their claim that educational development among Mangyans continues to be observable, thus deeper analysis and interpretation of related variables and indicators can be delved. Scope and Delimitation of the Study. The pupils’ ethnic identity, self-esteem and school attitude as an expression of cultural identity and their school attachment as independent and dependent variables in this study were assessed by the researcher. These were inter-paired to determine each significantly related to one another. After the analysis and interpretation of the variables and their indicators, the researcher came up with a plan to improve the school attitude and self-esteem of the Buhid Mangyan pupils for their cultural 5 / 17 development. This study is limited to the Buhid Mangyan pupils from Mirayan, Buong Lupa and Pakpaklawin. Elementary Schools. The Buhid Mangyan pupils will be chosen base on the fact that the selected elementary schools has the biggest population of Buhid Mangyan pupils. Definition of Terms The researcher defined all the terms used in this study to enable its readers to gain deeper understanding of what this study is all about. Attachment refers to the developed intimacy of Buhid pupils with the school officials, teachers and all members of the school organization which enable them to grow as individuals. Belief in school rules are the assessed perceptions of the Buhid Mangyan on the applicability of school policies, how these are implemented and how pupils comply with. Buhid Mangyans refer to one of the eight recognized ethnic groups of Mangyans, mostly residing in the upland communities of Gloria in Oriental Mindoro. Commitment determines the school attachment of Buhid Mangyan pupils in which they show their willingness to perform their academic tasks. Cultural identification refers to the common cultural practices recognized by Hanunuo Mangyans that make them distinct from the other ethnic groups in Mindoro. Ethnic identity pertains to how individuals interpret and understand their ethnicity and, specifically, the degree to which they identify with their ethnic group (Phinney, 1996). Involvement means the active participation of the Buhid Mangyan pupils in classroom, academic and non- academic activities of the school for their holistic development. School Attitude and Self-Esteem Plan refer to the output of the researcher which guides the implementation of relevant cultural development programs anchored on school attitude, self-esteem and school attachment. School attachment of Grade V Buhid Mangyan Pupils describes the respondents as to their commitment, attachment, involvement and belief in school rules. School attitude refers to the statement of cultural identity of the Buhid Mangyan pupils in Gloria District. Self-esteem of the Buhid Mangyan pupils pertains to the level of morale and pride felt by the Buhid Mangyan pupils as member of the said ethnic group. Traditional activities refer to social activities reflecting aspects of culture in which Buhid Mangyans involved themselves in. Traditional spirituality refers to the practice of religious activities of the Buhid Mangyans. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE. This chapter presents all the related literature and studies which support the discussion of the researcher on ethnic identity, level of self-esteem and school attitude of Buhid Mangyan pupis in Mirayan, Buong Lupa and Pakpaklawin Elementary Schools in Gloria District. Ethnic Identity Identity development is critical for individuals because it is during this process that they discover who they are and who they hope to become. A fundamental social environment that influences the development of a self-identity is ethnic group membership (Markstrom-Adams, 1992). Ethnic identity pertains to how individuals interpret and understand their ethnicity and, specifically, the degree to which they identify with their ethnic group (Phinney, 1996). The impact of ethnic identity is especially relevant in heterogeneous societies, such as the United States, where minority groups and a dominant social group coexist (Rosenthal, 1987). From the above cited literature, it was found out that ethnic identity has relationships with psychological well-being, and it has effects on the contextual factors in adolescents’ lives that may influence or interact with their ethnic identity development. Contextual factors such as family, school, and community are linked with ethnic identity because it is within these contexts that adolescents’ lives are embedded (Bronfenbrenner, 1989; Garcia Coll et al. , 1996). According to Erikson’s (1968) identity formation perspective, it is through exploration of options (sometimes experienced through 6 / 17 crises) and firm commitments to ideologies and an occupation that individuals come to achieve a secure identity. Marcia (1980) furthered Erikson’s ideas by developing four identity statuses with which to operationalize   Erikson’s theoretical notions. Individuals are classified into the statuses based on the presence or absence of a decision-making period (i. e. , exploration) and the extent of their commitment in the domains of occupation, ideologies, and interpersonal values (Marcia, 1994). Phinney further extended these ideas by examining Marcia’s statuses in relation to ethnic identity development. According to Phinney (1990), ethnic identity development is a process that takes place. The above-mentioned reviews on the concepts of ethnic identity find fitness in this study because they stress the idea that ethnic identity development is linked with factors such as family, school, and community because it is within these contexts that adolescents’ lives are embedded. Self-Esteem Self-Esteem is literally defined by how much value people place on themselves. It is the evaluative component of self-knowledge. High self-esteem refers to a highly favorable global evaluation of the self. Low self-esteem, by definition, refers to unfavorable definition of the self. Self –esteem does not carry any definitional requirement of accuracy whatsoever. Thus, high self-esteem may refer to an accurate, justified, balanced appreciation of ones’ worth and one’s successes and competencies, but it can also refers to an inflated, arrogant, grandiose, unwarranted sense of conceited superiority over others. By the same token, low self-esteem can be either an accurate, well-founded understanding of one’s shortcoming as a person or a distorted, even pathological sense of insecurity and inferiority. School Attitude One aspect of school attitude that has been identified is school spirit. A component of school spirit which has particular relevance to adolescence is the belief that one’s school is an adequate reflection of who they are (Coker amp; Borders, 1996). Another way to understand the adolescence strong need to identify with school is through Finn’s (1989) identification participation model. Finn argues that that being able to identify with school is critical for adolescents’ school attitude and well-being. Jenkins’s (1997) work with the school bond demonstrates measures of involvement in extracurricular activities including sports, clubs, and special school events is a strong predictor of school attitude. In keeping with Finn’s (1989) Identification-Participation model, school bonds represents involvement and engagement that also includes non-academic, school related activities. Involvement in Traditional Activities and SpiritualityPow-wows are community social gatherings that include traditional activities such as dance and song. It is also a celebration of tribal custom and cultural connectedness. Pow-wows begin by way of a grand entry with all dancers participating in honor of the event. A master of ceremony is the voice of the pow-wow to the singers, dancers, drums rotation, and informs the public in general. Different styles of dancing with traditional regalia are accompanied by drums and native songs. Traditional and contemporary foods are provided or sold along with the event. (Wright et al. 2001). The sweat lodge ceremony is traditional purification ceremony that incorporates traditional singing, prayer, counseling, and sharing similar to a talking circle. It takes place in an enclosed space (lodge) with heated rocks, heat, and steam (Mails, 1978). Tribes may vary to integrate their own customs, philosophies and traditional use of medicines during facilitation of the ceremony (Wright et al. 2011). Drumming groups are accompanied by native singing of traditional songs and intertwined with dancers at pow-wows of other cultural based tribal event. Roundhouse is a large ceremonial house where America Indian people gather together for ceremonial dances, singing and prayer (Bibby, 1993). The Buhid Mangyans The Philippines has its vowed responsibility to provide accessible and quality education to all children. Here, all types of learners, regardless of their cultural groups and orientations are 7 / 17 included, even the Buhid Mangyans. Perpertua (2009) stated that schools do not use Moro languages as mediums of instruction to any significant extent nor do most of the civil service and governmental positions require fluency in one of these languages, though they do demand fluency in Filipino. This creates a very real obstacle to the full participation of the Moro Muslims in the countrys public and political life, and they remain vastly under-represented in categories of educational attainment and in civil service employment and political representation. Not only ordinary Filipinos should be provided by the state with opportunities to develop, but also and most important, those who belong to the marginalized sectors of society which include the indigenous peoples (IPs) whose condition seems so irreparable. Postma (1967), retrieved from http://www. mangyan.org/content/buhid on December 22, 2013, states that the Buhids are known as pot makers. Other Mangyan tribes, like the Alangan and Hanunuo, used to buy their cooking pots from the Buhids. The word Buhid literally means mountain dwellers. As stated by Litis (1989), retrieved from Mangyan website on December 22,2013, Buhid women wear woven black and white brassiers called linagmon and a black and white skirt called abol. Unmarried women wear body ornaments such as a braided nito belt (lufas), blue thread earrings, beaded headband (sangbaw), beaded bracelet (uksong), and beaded long necklace (siwayang or ugot). The men wear g-strings. To enhance body beauty, the men wear ornaments like a long beaded necklace, tight choker (ugot) and beaded bracelet (uksong). Both sexes use an accessory bag called bay-ong for personal things like comb and knife. Together with the Hanunuo, the Buhids in some areas possess a pre-Spanish syllabic writing system. The Buhid Mangyans live in the municipalities of Roxas, Bansud, Bongabong and some parts of Gloria and Mansalay in Oriental Mindoro, and in the municipalities of San Jose and Rizal in Occidental Mindoro. Mahusay (2008) said that financing educational and scholarship programs for Mangyan pupils as part of corporate social responsibility (CSR) agenda improves their quality of life. The firm’s CSR program not only involves education but also includes other social development projects such as nutrition, health and sanitation, livelihood, infrastructure and other community- oriented programs. Pestano (2008) said that community relations activities which normally involve many poor Mangyans included in educational grants that help them pursue their dream, enhance behavior and value their culture and heritage. Felipe (2007) defined the ethnography and culture of the Alangan Mangyans in order to determine the extent of peace process and their level of indigenous sustainable development. The indigenous culture of the Mangyan Alangan was focused on the social, economic, political, and religious practices. The social practices were confined within the family in the â€Å"esoken† of the â€Å"balaylakoy†. The Mangyan also developed peace- making attitude in order to appease the spirit hovering over them. Failure to do so would mean disaster. They highly agreed on building structured democracy, interdependence, respect for the integrity of culture, respect for human rights and sharing of responsibilities as manifestation of peace process. Mallari (2007) asserted that Mangyans and other poor but deserving students in Oriental Mindoro receive educational support and take a step toward a brighter future, thanks to the efforts of a mining company that has made it a policy to extend assistance to the impoverished communities where it operates. Not far from the experiences of the Philippines, other countries worldwide recognize the socio-economic significance of formal education and trainings to achieve total human development. Indigenous Knowledge (IK). Cotter (2011) asserted that indigenous knowledge (IK) is the local knowledge people unique to a culture or society passed from generation to generation through a wide range of other activities that sustain societies in many parts of the world, particularly in formal education. Harper (2011) stated that indigenous peoples have a broad knowledge of how to live sustainably. However, formal education systems disrupt the practical everyday life aspects of indigenous knowledge and ways of learning, replacing them with abstract knowledge and academic ways of 8 / 17 learning. Today, there is a grave risk that much indigenous.